je-ne-sais-quoi: Tarzino (NZ)

29 Friday Nov 2019

Posted by The Thoroughbred Link in Bloodstock analysis, classic thoroughbred pedigree, genotype, genotype breeding, New Zealand thoroughbred stallion, New Zealand thoroughbreds, race horse breeding, Zabeel

≈ Leave a comment

Tags

Djebel, Loika, My Babu, New Zealand stallion, Tarzino, Tourbillon, Zarzino

Tarzino much more than horse.

The ‘T’ prototype has emerged …et voila!

‘T’ stands also for Tourbillon, the sire of Djebel.

New Zealand bred Tarzino by Tavistock (Montjeu) from Zarzino (Zabeel) epitomizes a genetic expression some might call a ‘throw-back’.

We prior blogged Back to the Future with Tarzino (NZ) – but the stallion’s deeper significance went amiss…. this, Tarzino’s je ne sais quoi.

je ne sais quoi – the latent factors ‘appearing’ which takes my TBL eye.

Tarzino (photo credit – The Thoroughbred Link)

What has Tarzino’s verve?

Montjeu/Sadlers Wells (Tarzino’s paternal line) to currently note…… Montjeu/Sadlers Wells breds, spin the genetic wheels to Northern Hemisphere jumps and flat racing winners. An operative finds French breeders as owners, have close involvement with trainers and follow a program, to compound results and increase advantage.Those processes come together and that delivery gets results

It is the exceptional, the revealing where Tarzino via sire & dam pedigree uncovers the venerated ‘D’ factor Djebel.
Djebel (Tourbillon – dam, Loika n.b. ff- 5j) – Destiny of Thoroughbreds . Read it!!!

To appreciate our subject stallion ‘T’ – where Loika presence goes near and far, review Tarzino’s dam Zarzino – her 3rd dam sire Amalgam (USA) to the 2x’s, via Loika sons Hierocles (FR) and Djebel, his best son My Babu. further note….

Grand-dam Kindness by Star Way, dams sire Klarion → Clarion → Djebel (Loika)
Sir Tristram, grand-dams sire My Babu/Djebel )Loika)

Tavistock’s granddam sire High-line, his grand-dam Aleria by Djebel (Loika). Quest for Fame, the grand-dam sire Cambremont (FR) from a Djebel daughter.

Sadlers Wells, Lalun by Djeddah, a son of Djebel
Montjeu’s 2nd dam sire Tennyson to 3rd dam sire Djebel
Montjeu’s dam Floripedes to 5th dam sire Hierocles from Loika

The presence of French breeding is our reminder – genotype cuts to the phenotype.

Genotype to Phenotype, it is why Conduits series started. The first Conduit, of essential Difference – Part one points to a familiar rotation presence through Loika’s ancestress dam Diversion (f-f- 5-i & f-f-j) alongside Hyperion – Selene.

Very few significant individuals complement/merge to a co-affinity from ancestry, where a complete integrity retains ‘purity-at-origin’. The purity, bio-essence however, is the ‘something’ of a bio-physic, bio-mechanical natural structure.

When IT happens…TBL holds this is the archetype frame. It points to Herod: hence Winx came from Herod and Conduit, of essential Difference – Part one .

To have these patterns are not so much from in/line bred but from inducing, infusing the defined character type/trait with deliberate foresight. (* see Franco Varola’s quotes below to the French approach…..)

As those Conduit pieces position together: breeding ‘traits’ via strains, it dawned Conduits shall not only possess sublime quality to the progeny bred, but also draw to the imperceptible.

Quote: “Certain lines of blood appear to have an affinity for, and to produce exceptional results when mated to other specific lines”. Sir Charles Leicester Bloodstock Breeding.

They are the Ones to hold….. natural merit, the Nature’s intelligence, to its breed. Additionally, it goes direct with an aptitude of ultimate expression – a prototype.

This is the Thoroughbred, its History and with an embedded culture where yesteryear masters to French bloodstock, clearly understood function is the durability, ahead.

Marcel Boussac – his reign over French Classics lasted 50 years.

Tourbillon and Djebel.

* (excerpts) – Typology of the Racehorse – Franco Varola

Under a typological interpretation of the Thoroughbred, French breeding has always occupied a distinguished place.

France supplies the bulk of the classic-to-stout strains

Breeding philosophy in France, which is very different from the breeding philosophy in England. Breeding in France tends to be ecumenical, in the sense that any horse and any sire is potentially similar to the next one; while England tends to follow a categorisation.

The Classic Racehorse – Peter Willett The French thoroughbred was essentially the product of adherence to the guidelines laid down in the early days of the Societe d’Encouragment and confirmed by the introduction of the Grand Prix as the premier Classic race. The author notes….bred with that ideal in mind, the likes of Ajax, Teddy, Bruleur, Alcantara II, La Farina, Sardanapale, Ksar, Brantome, Sicambre, Viewux Manoi, Djebel and Tantieme.

Tarzino – the ‘T’ prototype… because its right there, in the blood.

Finally, to the landscapes of breeding and racing….patience will be Tarzino’s only requirement, just wait n’ see….

ENABLE (GB) – supreme

23 Friday Aug 2019

Posted by The Thoroughbred Link in classic thoroughbred pedigree, genotype, race horse breeding, racehorse analysis, Sadlers Wells, thoroughbred racing pedigree

≈ Leave a comment

Tags

Djebel, Djeddah, Enable, european racehorse breeding, female traits, genetic families, genotype, Lalun, Sadlers Wells, Tourbillon

Subject: Enable (GB) – Nathaniel (IRE) x Concentric (GB).

Pedigree analysis discovers the true nature to genetic patterns, strains and traits within.

– where/how/why genotype breeding, placed from contributing family bloodlines, as they ‘return’ through an individual.

The genotype is a graph, via family tables showing of sorts, a zig-zag relationship. Family breeding tables serve as a convenient link helping to place its orchestration.

Enthusiasts will note close inbreeding (3s x 2d) to Sadlers Wells (USA) – a dynastic gene empire all on its own. Sadlers Wells, the female family 5-h.

Other noted strains infused to Sadlers Wells breeding; through blue-blood producer Lalun (USA) the female family 19-b. She produced Bold Reason (USA) and Never Turn (USA) , sire of Mill Reef, he the sire to Shirley Heights (GB), the grand-dam sire of Enable. Lalun 5sx5Dx6D.

Now note, Lalun’s sire the French-bred Djeddah to the family #13c. More important (as genetic power) the powerful progenitor siring line to Tourbillon. (n.b. Tourbillon taps through the entire pedigree…9Sx8sX8Dx9Dx9Dx9D it is important to note detail how/where and these to be treated as both strains & TRAITS contributors!)

As genetic building blocks, the Lalun/Djeddah connection which goes to so many a global pedigree to that of Mr Prospector family #13C.

Finding its ‘relationship’ to further explore contributors and in this case Mr Prospector, sire & mare… Native Dancer (USA) and Nashua (USA) shall reveal how pedigree progresses.

Refer to Roberto, his dam’s sire is Nashua (connect those dots!)

Lalun – 5sx5Dx6D (photo source unknown)

With method to ancestry, its evolutionary passage, helps to ‘organize’ or ‘arrange’ the appreciation of co-affiliation branches to its contribution upon pedigree.

The more detail or division into the pedigree, one may ask “well…where does it start and where does it end”?

Lately…. I have commented it is not so much the ‘volume’ or mass of obvious strains (line-bred) since many a global pedigree trends much the same to similar depths. So then... it is the subtle strains which appear to ‘support’ the greater to its distribution mass, pointedly where IT COUNTS directly.

For this reason it is to extend the pedigree to 7th-9th generations: as indicated above….. appreciate the co-affiliation, as all contribution, as traits infuse.

Through dam’s lines, (infusions) mindfully understand what her main trunk is becoming….or has been. Enable’s dam Concentric has the infusion of family #5-h through a sire called Limelight. The connection is through Sadlers Wells and Limelight (GB) has they both come from ancestor family – Simon’s Shoes. (just think Mitchondrial DNA)

This my TBL method (of sorts) demonstrates a strong familiar pattern and type formulation.

With Enable’s pedigree as template and on a side note – where TBL has noted many a time to European breeding through history it is by Key strains, key families, key genus roots-at-origins…the female family #9:#4 has maternal affiliation.

Like building-blocks, the ff#9:#4 are keys, are strains factoring. They ‘remember’ the familial evolutionary relationship – as foundation traces. (see below)

Utilizing maternal foundations, evolvement, capitalizes on xx inheritances. A core fundamental to establish how the thoroughbred ecology has transpired.

Enable – the female #4m family.

Communal #4 branches concentrate the XX origins, mitochondrial DNA.

Such application re-sources the composite origin in cohesive degrees. It is an eternal co-affiliation.

http://www.pedigreequery.com/index.php?query_type=horse&search_bar=horse&h=CROFTS+SPINSTER&g=4

Note the #9 : #4 branches & pattern to Enable where Nathaniel/Galileo are strongly 9 families to the dam Concentric #4m.

Disclaimer

Cross Counter (GB)

12 Monday Nov 2018

Posted by The Thoroughbred Link in genotype, race horse breeding, thoroughbred pedigree, thoroughbred pedigree analysis, thoroughbred racehorse analysis, thoroughbred racing pedigree

≈ Leave a comment

Tags

Agnes, Birdcatcher, Cross Counter, Frizette, His Majesty, Kingmambo, Lalun, Majestic Prince, Melbourne Cup 2018, Miesque, Miswaki, Mr Prospector, Northern Dancer, Persian Heights, Speirbhearn, Teofilo, Tourbillon, Urban Sea, Waitress (USA)

2018 Melbourne Cup race has its winner – Cross Counter (GB) by Teofilo (IRE) ex-Waitress (USA) from Kingmambo (USA) – by Mr Prospector from Miesque (USA)

Jig-saw genetics.

Miesque – best miler in Europe, winning in every country (France, U.S.A. England at 2,3,4 years of age. Racing Hall of Fame. Phenomenal.

The TBL pedigree takes emphasis upon origins, female-families, infusions – additionally, generational breeding cycles which shall organically sustain bloodlines.

Often balance in modern pedigrees is sacrifice or lost at the dictate of fashion, because of the prevailing climate of the commercial yearling market or through the blindness of breeders. Ross de Bourg

Aside from breeding principles, it would seem modern racehorse breeding has challenges towards the public front and thus all those passionate or, the not so passionate (activist welfare movements) share complex diverse opinions, facts, figures, who, how, why, what to the future(s) of sports-horses, thoroughbreds and the racing integrity.

The stayers dilemma, its speciality long-distant racing and of breeding stability requires the ‘local’ racing program as to purposefully/supportively develop the wonderful breed.

A TBL ethos by organic ‘selective’ breeding: successful breeding thrives from strains, traits component peculiarities, rather than ‘closed’ to bare few high-profiled individuals, as generally does the market guided or, of an in-breeding philosophy.

The consistent domination(s) but of narrowing bloodlines, eventually finds exhaustion. It is a natural dynamic – the feral herd domination shall die (at some point) – her bloodline refreshed by diversity, the skill to survive. Mainstream will ignore the paradox.

from the book The Australian & New Zealand Thoroughbred by Ross de Bourg

It is difficult to convince many breeders that it is possible to ‘over egg the pudding’ by concentrating too many influence for high quality in a pedigree. The result tends to be the production of too much nervous energy, producing over-excitability, nervousness or constitutional weakness. Wealthy businessmen who came into racing and breeding without any knowledge or understanding of it, often seem unable to grasp that breeding the best with the best does not necessarily result in the best…

It is difficult to narrate pedigrees, its parallel to breeding detail, at-depth. I strongly suggest true, careful, astute examination from all angles – the consideration upon pedigree, contemporary and ancestrally which undoubtedly displays exclusive ‘pattern’. Exclusivity of individuals is the name of the game, identifying key strains & those pedigree affiliations.

Cross Counter (GB) – female family 3-d

– utilizing female family indexes is extremely helpful.

Over time we’ve deduced plying with FF indexes indicate something far deeper than a given matrilineal number. In a sense, they represent a core genus which is to be appreciated beyond a conventional scope, beyond the conventional determination only three ancestral sires established the thoroughbred.

A by-gone superior genus-type suggests. However whether ‘searchable’ or not, it shall remain a TBL conjecture.

Of greater performers through the breeding, returning a familial selection intelligence.

The maternal infusions upon matri-lineal about 5th-7th removal are the nearest, possible comprehension to what is circulating as broodmare genetics.

What is ripening?

Consider possibilities?

Best genetic approximation & so forth…….

Deliberations to ascertain broodmare sire genetics…

– don’t believe mating/breeding is algorithm alone? (in that algorithms miss minor ‘finer’ detail)

Cross Counter broodmare, Waitress (USA) her maternal roots….note direct infusion Mr Prospector/Raise A Native: sets-the-genetic flavour, to set the foundational assimilation. Plus, Mr Prospector son – Kingmambo (USA) as broodmare sire – where speed and the tough get together.

Teofilo, by Galileo infusion Miswaki

Miswaki (USA) the FF-16g, (the ancestral dam Agnes, ancestral male dose Birdcatcher strain. (n.b. Birdcatcher – grandsire to Rataplan Stockwell, Emperor of Stallions – their sire The Baron, an important ingression to note.* (see below)

Broodmare Waitress (USA), her 3rd dam sire Persian Heights (GB) (European champion 3 year old) the FF-16g, where again, the ancestral dam Agnes/Birdcatcher.

To his magnificent sire Persian Bold (GB), importantly note the FF-9h with co-affiliation to the iconic mare Urban Sea FF- 9h carrying Mit. DNA, through same, the ancestral Alveole/Ste Alvere (GB) FF-9h.

At this point, I hope readers are finding with meaning to the core, genus type generational breeding.

Secreto (USA), FF 4-d, to same reflections, same strains through individuals Danehill (His Majesty (USA), Speirbhean (IRE) dam of Teofilo via Majestic Prince (USA) where ancestrally Boudair (GB) recaptures same. However should you wish to pursue this powerful female line NOTICE a dam called Mineral (GB) inbred to Birdcatcher.

Solidarity in numbers, for sure!

Lalun (FF 19-b) 6Sx7D: only two duplications (you might think) however the powerful Djebel (FR), sire Tourbillon (FF 13C) is the KEY FACTOR conducive to Mr PROSPECTOR BLOODLINES, their genetic ancestral link, genus blue-hen Frizette.

Now you may wonder(?) why my odd omission to Northern Dancer, his dam Natalma (ff 2-d) – trait wise (I mean).

Genetically, Northern Dancer (like Nearco) globally, has set a fixed global prototype. It is like saying it is the zero-point. Whether we know or not, N.D. traits are the ‘modern’ era and with necessity, we view for specific differentiation/variants to find ‘how’ superior performers ARE throwing out ‘new’ genetic makeup by generational bred phases via this fixed prototype.

*(side-note: the N.D. ‘fixed’ trait prototype passed to his son Danehill whom by the female-family 2d i.e. XY & XX has distinctly shaped phenotype to terms – athleticism, precocity. Now, that was the course, but it changes and resilient breeding takes care of the future……)*

Similar can be said of Mr Prospector prototype however, subjective as it is, impresses individual bloodlines/trait by broodmare maternal i.e. Nashua, Count Fleet, to the tap-root matrilineal Myrtlewood (FF 13-c Frizette USA).

The strains from these individuals sum the building blocks to many a quality pedigree. It is not enough to identify them as superior, but almost, the ordered framework standing alongside Northern Dancer. However once again breeding is not algorithm pedestrian: it is reaping unidentified/identified sources via the individuals which may caste out or, reset a trait deeply hidden, in thoroughbred ancestry.

Therein lies the expansion, the evolvement, of thoroughbred breeding.

As finale (!) score Cross-Counter pedigree: Teofilo – notice a FF 10-c, namely Victoria Park (CAN) and to Waitress, 2nd dam sire Highest Honor (Fr) – to notice, same FF 10-c. Where, Bonnie Doon is the ancestral dam & last foal of Queen Mary: a family highly regarded for exceptional class & durability. (key point trait)

For further reading on Teofilo where “The superiority of a bull is where genes will knit anything…” (so said the ol’boy). Teofilo, sire of Cross Counter also sire to – Humidor (NZ), the supremacy of genetics.

Classic & SUPERB pedigrees: Sea of Class (IRE) & Stradivarius (IRE)

03 Monday Sep 2018

Posted by The Thoroughbred Link in classic thoroughbred pedigree, genus, Irish breeding, Irish Racehorses, Sea the Stars, thoroughbred pedigree analysis, thoroughbred racehorse analysis, thoroughbred racing pedigree

≈ Leave a comment

Tags

Buckpasser, Caerleon, Discovery, La Troienne, Mannie Gray, Miswaki, Nijinsky, Princequillo, Sea of Class, Sea the Stars, Stradivarius, Tourbillon, Urban Sea

We’ve done a fair bit of homework re: dam lines, the illustrious Urban Sea(USA) – female family 9h.

– need to catch up…read Thrust, goes the Galileo engine or the best – Masar

Of our subjects 1) Sea of Class (IRE) – ch. filly and 2) Stradivarius, (IRE) ch. C : sire Sea the Stars, do note Urban Sea as dam.

https://www.pedigreequery.com/sea+of+class

Rip apart the pedigree, note what is obvious, & work through to what is not obvious, to unfold the invisible factor of an ‘aha’…..deduce what is folding in/out of the genetic mix of sires/generations. – TBL

Its a no-brainer pedigree to capitulate Nijinsky 4Dx4D with Miswaki 3sx4d. Head back further and you might just find a couple common factors, such as Native Dancer.

Should you head back even further you may find what’s turning the wheels: – Discovery (USA) And if you further turn the wheels there’s the supreme ancestress Mannie Gray (USA).

Mannie Gray is Mother Superior as was/is large-heart gene, Pocahontas.

But, can you see how…? https://www.pedigreequery.com/mannie+gray

In many ways superb potent sires Nijinsky/Miswaki may be enough to justify the whole pedigree. But its not… not for us anyway.

We are going to keep expanding out and take it up a few notches. Divulge more depth, more beautiful detail.

Namely…. how is the harmonic ‘tone’ set…?

7th dam….tapping a double-shot of French-bred Tourbillon, female family 13C* into the deep maternal roots. Interesting…

Note also the other infusion Auriban (FR) ff-13C.

Tourbillon, Auriban (american, Frizette-fame) trace to dam Shotover (GB) by HERMIT.

– yep, we are really digging out HOW indispensable traits/strains re-work upon genus type: they don’t die on ya’.

– i.e. core, nucleus mitDNA, (think about it)…… does IT make sense to see how the ‘type’ of the maternal dam is set?

The next important ‘marker’ is none other than the Princequillo of Princes siring lineage….(we, collectively place the sire lineage to a structural genetic realm all on its own). These ARE the ineffable ‘dose’. Bang, it goes…. right on, to the ‘collective’ taproot. So Im-port-tant to see elementary evolve, unravelling, spinning through.

Next marker: the ancestress La Troienne (FR) ff-1x & as represented by Caerleon (USA), sired by Nijinsky) & grandam sire to subject, Sea of Class and ) + the dams sire of Miswaki, Buckpasser (ff-1x)

– Hope you shall see how knitting comes together!

NEXT up

Stradivarius (IRE) – Sea the Stars from Private Life (FR) by Bering (GB)

https://www.pedigreequery.com/stradivarius15

– again, the TBL methodology – expand tap-root maternal pedigree, note the similar peculiarities as above. They flow from, and In, to infuse. CLICK.

7th dam – Norseman (FR) ff-13C, Worden (FR) ff-13C,

via Sadler Wells, Djeddah (FR) ff-13C

Djebel/Tourbillon (FR) ff-13c ⇔ 9Sx8Sx8D

subject Stradivarius, – grand-dams sire Bering (GB) ⇒LeFabuleux(FR)ff-13C

note again the legacy….Prince Bio (FR) 9Sx7Sx7Sx8Dx8D

Discovery (USA) 9Xx8Sx8dx7dx9dx8d

So far, TBL has failed yet to mention Nasrullah (ff – 9C). Pivotal to global breeding the melodies of pedigree, are well-infused by his, & nearest genetic relations.

That’s immortality folks, where inclusively crossed by Princequillo traits, which other good analysts already know. We won’t re-invent the pedigree wheel here….!!!!

Genetic frame-work to Miswaki (USA) exposes ‘marker’s’ and telling of the future.. again and again the pedigree grid revolves in ‘time’.

Identifying genetic connections with in pedigrees helps us to understand why some lines are perpetuated while others disappear. (If) …our objective is to design stakes-winning pedigrees, perhaps the next step towards achieving this goal is to identify valuable genes transmitted by influential mares. Ken McLean Designing Speed in the Racehorse

It is only by intense scrutiny of high performance individuals, the template they supply, a truer appreciation unfolds and reveals. There lies the truest thoroughbred in all its finery: the original genus trait so needed for its ability, existence, survival. – TBL

The work is 99.9% near done!

Now folks… despite all homework, frame-work here,….there goes the on-going complexity that ‘same’ is not about more of producing ‘same’.

Expression of parentage traits through their contemporary descendants is also comprehending a meticulous observation where a repressed gene may live to resurrect.

Hybrid vigour wants to be superior than what is already given. Its course is often unpredictable, defiant, working or un-working any finest pedigree yet stages ‘other’ plans to produce the perfect specimen from the ‘unknown’.

We notice the smallest miniscule ‘strain’ detail is possibly relevant; the ever slight detail which appears almost meaningless.

The ‘new’ generation is transfiguration, the place for bold breeders & breeding.

At TBL we’ve prior referred to scarcity. The mere fleck of DNA gene-dust that holds light appearing as ‘if’ sacrosanct, there is no real ‘defining’, nor can be accounted.

Its appeal…belongs to unconventional exclusivity, that of superior pedigree craftsmanship.

However in TBL fashion, I attempt to explain breed, the genus throw back, through historical insights belonging to thoroughbred antiquity.

Bold as paint & as sound as a bell of brass.

His good looks, excellent performances, and that he is full of the most successful winning blood of the day. (Of this distant genus)… finest and most perfect-shaped horses ever foaled.

He has been well described as “multum in parvo”; and most of his progeny were of the same character, having great power on short legs.

Of valuable addition(s) to the British stud – Gohanna’s blood comes down with great éclat to our time.

(his brother) one of the worthies that helped to lay the foundation of the American Turf.

The “classic” races fell to six of his progeny, viz., The Baron, Daniel O’Rourke, Knight of St. George, Warlock, Imperieuse, and Songstress, where BIRDCATCHER blood has also been transmitted to our time.

AND to this unique breeding interpretation….

That one has to fight against this production of the beautiful sham, even in the breeding of Thoroughbreds, one can see in many English studs which breed for the yearlings markets.

…..showy stock very seldom become also (best) breeding stock: they’re merely on account of the race tests. In any case, that breeding stock which has an important influence on the breeding of Thoroughbreds – it is a pity that through human sin much good material is wasted which was destined by Divine Nature to be chosen material.

What TBL concluded through enjoyable reads, was that from Eastern Europe, the tough breeders recognized the ‘lightness’ of the thoroughbred ‘blood’ as failing at survival; dose of robustness (in its truest sense) was Essential to maintain the species. Basically their observations came from Russian cavalry war-horse breeding. The problem was and still is, to an extent how those extreme bench-marks could be re-enacted.

How this weighs-in now… is to ‘recognise’ unique individualism – the law of averages (AEI) is misleading a dam’s potential, her ability to ‘unveil’ the hidden gem.

TBL returns this enlightenment to the subjects Sea of Class & Stradivarius. You are to remember pedigrees are not fixed, there is a momentum/progression of genus traits lifting.

To simplify refer their pedigrees – focus to the ff-20a to @ origins GHUZNEE.

Urban Sea ⇒Allegetta⇒Lombard(GER)⇔TANTIEME(FR) ff- 20a

Sea of Class – 6th dam Auriban (FR) ⇒Pharos⇒dam, CARISSMA(FR) ff-20a

Stradivarius – LeHarr (FR)⇒dam, MincePie ff-20a

special note – Carvin (FR) ff-20d was designated formerly ff-20a GHUZNEE

Private Life (FR) dam sire, Bering (GB) ⇒Arctic Tern (USA) ⇒Hasty Road (USA)⇒Roman (USA) ff-20a

Again & again the maternal flame – 1) how her mould is typified 2) how her potential maybe upgraded through identifying similar but peculiar strains.

Cheers TBL

The Thoroughbred Link

~ Genetic Supremacy – Breeding Your Racehorse

Tag Archives: Tourbillon

je-ne-sais-quoi: Tarzino (NZ)

Like this:

ENABLE (GB) – supreme

Like this:

Cross Counter (GB)

Like this:

Classic & SUPERB pedigrees: Sea of Class (IRE) & Stradivarius (IRE)

NEXT up

Like this:

Share this:

Like this:

Share this:

Like this:

Share this:

Like this:

NEXT up

Share this:

Like this: